Research Projects
Prostate Cancer. To date we have published seven research papers (J. Urol. 2001, Nutrition and Cancer 2002, Cancer Causes and Control 2002, Prostate 2003, Endocrinology 2003, J. Appl. Physiol 2004 and, five invited reviews (Obesity Rev 2002, eCAM Jol 2004, Nova Science 2004, Springer 2005, Recent Results in Cancer Research (Controversies in Tumor Prevention and Genetics III). H-J. Senn and R. Morant, eds. Springer 2005, 166:47-62, Eur J Cancer Prev. 16:415-421, 2007). Our results show that the Pritikin Program of diet and exercise can reduce prostate cancer cell growth by as much as 45%. This should drastically reduce the risk for clinical cancer. Reductions in serum insulin, free testosterone, estradiol, and IGF-1 along with a rise in SHBG and IGFBP-1 appear to be important. The decrease in IGF-1 appears to be the most significant change as it normally prevents cells from going into apoptosis (cell death). We have documented that the Pritikin Program can kill cancer cells (Cancer Causes and Control 2002, Endocrinology 2003, Prostate 2003). Exercise is important; one of our studies (Prostate 2003, J. Appl. Physiol 2004, Eur J Cancer Prev. 16:415-421, 2007) has shown that daily intensive exercise for 1 hr. reduces growth and increases apoptosis in prostate tumor cells. Studies are now being conducted to define the molecular mechanisms responsible for the dramatic results of following the Pritikin lifestyle.
Obesity has been shown to be an important risk factor for advanced prostate cancer. Obese men have high levels of estradiol as it is produced in fat cells in both men and postmenopausal women. Estradiol is a well-known risk factor for breast cancer and has recently been shown to activate the IGF system, increase tumor cell growth, and inhibit apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We have documented that prostate cancer cells have estradiol receptors and are now doing experiments to see if estradiol also activated the IGF system in prostate cancer.
In 1997 Dean Ornish started a randomized study on men diagnosed with prostate cancer “on watchful waiting.” He sent me serum samples from a large group of his patients to use in our cell culture assay. The results show that after 1 yr. the Ornish group had less stimulation of cancer cell growth and more apoptosis compared to controls, similar to what we found with the Pritikin study. In agreement with the reduction in cell growth in our cell culture assay, at the end of 1 yr no one in the Ornish group of 41 has gone on to conventional treatment (androgen deprivation, radiation or surgery) while 6 in the control group of 43 have had conventional treatment due to rising PSA. The first year data have just been accepted for publication and the study is still ongoing.
At the present time we are conducting a clinical trial where we are placing men on a low-fat diet high in soy protein to see if IGF-I goes up and if that blocks apoptosis in cancer cells. In a second clinical trial we are placing men with prostate cancer on either a Western, high-fat diet or a Pritikin low-fat diet with fish oil supplementation for one month and then will study serum changes as well as changes in the cancerous prostate when it is surgically removed.
We are now investigating the effects of the Pritikin Program on the growth of normal prostate tissue. Many men in the U.S. suffer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasis (BPH, an enlarged prostate) and as a result have major urinary problems. We hypothesize that the Pritikin Program and the related serum changes will reduce the growth of normal prostate tissue and should reduce the risk for BPH. In a manuscript just submitted we are reporting a reduction in the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells when stimulated with serum obtained from men before and after the Pritikin Program.
Breast Cancer. The results obtain from the prostate cancer study stimulated our interest in breast cancer as we have already reported that the Pritikin Program reduces serum insulin and raises SHBG in postmenopausal women (Nutrition and Cancer 2000). In serum samples we demonstrated that the Pritikin Program reduced estradiol, insulin and IGF-I while increasing IGFBP-1. These changes in serum resulted in reduced growth and increased apoptosis (cell death) in three different serum-stimulated, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell lines (Nutrition and Cancer 55:28-34,2006)
Heart Disease.It is now well established that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis as well as in the final events of plaque rupture and clot formation leading to heart attacks and strokes. We have conducted two studies, one in men and one in postmenopausal women to investigate the effects of the Pritikin Program on markers of oxidative stress including C-Reactive Protein, IL-6, serum amyloid A, etc. These data combined with data we have collected showing that changes in serum as a result of the Pritikin Program result in less attraction of monocytes to endothelial cells in a smooth muscle/endothelial co-culture suggest a significant reduction in the risk for atherosclerosis (J. Appl. Physiol. 2006). The paper with data from women has been published (Metabolism, 2004) and shows a 50 percent reduction in C-Reactive Protein, the new marker for atherosclerosis. The oxidation of cholesterol in the artery wall leading to inflammation and the attraction of monocytes is thought to be the initiating stage in the development of atherosclerosis. These data, along with our earlier data showing a dramatic reduction in serum lipids (New. Engl. J. Med. 1990) as well as a reduction is the susceptibility of LDL for oxidation (Arterioscler. Thromb. Vascl. Biol 1996) should provide further support for the value of the Pritikin Program in preventing heart disease and stroke.
HDL has been labeled the “good cholesterol” because of its ability to transport cholesterol from the artery wall to the liver for removal from the body. HDL has also been shown to reduce oxidation of LDL cholesterol to reduce its accumulation in the artery wall. However, recent data has shown that in situations of acute stress as well as in individuals with coronary disease or multiple risk factors, HLD does just the opposites as it becomes pro inflammatory. This adverse response is associated with high levels of C-Reactive Protein. In a recent paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 2006) we reported that the Pritikin Program converted HDL from pro inflammatory to anti inflammarory in men with multiple risk factors for CAD. Thus, function of HDL may be more important than the serum level which is important as HDL falls on the Pritikin Program.
Atherocslerosis, the underlying cause of most heart attacks and stokes, is known to start early in life with 70% of the teenagers in the U.S. showing the initial stage of fatty streaks in their arteries. The explosion of obesity among children in the U.S. should increase the risk for heart disease later in life. We have frozen serum samples from three of the Family programs at the Longevity Center and are doing studies similar to studies on adults including lipid changes, C-Reactive Protein and other markers for atherocslerosis. One manuscript was published (Metabolism 55:871-878,2006) on the metabolic syndrome, an aggregation of CAD risk factors. Eight of the sixteen children in the study had the metabolic syndrome at entry into the Longevity Center and after two weeks none of the eight had the syndrome indicating a significant reduction in risk for the development of CAD. A second manuscript on CRP and other novel risk factors for CAD was just published (Atherosclerosis 191:98-106,2007). We are presently conducting a third study to investigate the effects of the Pritikin Program on fat cell factors and inflammation that are related to CAD.
Fat Cells. For many years it was thought that fat cells were simply storage depots for excess calories. In recent years it has been shown that in addition to storing calories, fat cells produce a number of chemicals that can have an adverse impact on the body including the artery wall. We are planning to culture fat cells and investigate the effects of the Pritikin Program on serum changes that might impact on fat cell production of various chemicals.
Scientifically Proven Results
No other diet-and-exercise program has been more highly praised by the scientific community. More than 100 studies in top medical journals have found that people who adopt the Pritikin Program achieve dramatic results in just a few weeks, with more benefits long-term. The Pritikin Program has been proven to:
Markedly Reduce Risk Factors For Heart Disease
Cholesterol: Analyses of 4,587 guests staying at Pritikin for three weeks showed an average 23% drop in total cholesterol and 23% drop in LDL "bad" cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine, 323: 1142, 1990; Archives of Internal Medicine, 151: 1389, 1991. See also Circulation, 106: 2530, 2002.
Triglycerides: These 4,587 Pritikin guests also reduced triglycerides on average 33%. New England Journal of Medicine, 323: 1142 ,1990; Archives of Internal Medicine, 151: 1389, 1991.
C-Reactive Protein: In just two weeks, inflammation markers like C-reactive protein plummeted 45% in women at the Pritikin Center. No other diet-and exercise program or drug therapy, including statins, has proven to lower C-reactive protein so dramatically or rapidly. Metabolism, 53: 377, 2004.
Insulin: In three weeks, insulin levels fell 46% in men at the Pritikin Center. Circulation, 106: 2530, 2002.
Lower Blood Pressure to Normal, Medication-Free Levels
In a study of 268 men, 83% lowered their blood pressure to normal levels and left free of all drugs for hypertension. Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation, 3: 839, 1983. See also Circulation, 106: 2530, 2002.
Enhance Effectiveness of Statin Therapy
Prior to attending Pritikin, 93 people had reduced their cholesterol about 20% on statins. After two weeks at Pritikin, they demonstrated an additional 19% decrease in cholesterol. American Journal of Cardiology, 79: 1112, 1997.
Control Diabetes and, for Many, Eliminate the Need for Drugs
In research on 652 diabetics, 70% on oral agents left Pritikin free of such medications; 39% on insulin left insulin-free. Participants who continued the Pritikin Program stayed off the medications. Diabetes Care, 17: 1469, 1994.
Promote Healthy, Long-Term Weight Loss
Pritikin guests in need of weight loss lose 12 pounds and more within three weeks of starting Pritikin. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151: 1389, 1991.
In 2003, the world's top experts in weight control and health published a 116-page World Health Organization report announcing that the optimal diet for losing weight and preventing disease is a diet, like the Pritikin Program, that is low in fat and high in natural, fiber-rich carbohydrates. The most comprehensive study of long-term weight loss ever conducted found that the vast majority of its nearly 4,500 successful dieters follow a diet that is low in fat and high in fiber-rich carbohydrates like fruits and vegetables. The members lost, on average, 66 pounds and have kept it off for six years. Less than 1% follow a high-protein, high-fat diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98: 480, 1998.
Eliminate the Need for Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery;
Relieve Angina Pain
A five-year follow-up of 64 participants who went to Pritikin instead of having bypass surgery found that 80% never needed surgery. Of those taking drugs for angina (chest) pain, 62% left the Center pain-free and drug-free. Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation, 3: 183, 1983.
Mitigate the Metabolic Syndrome
High insulin levels, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, and obesity commonly aggregate in the same individual and greatly increase the risk for coronary disease. The Pritikin Program controlled this syndrome in just three weeks in a majority of 72 people studied. Fasting insulin was reduced by 30-40%. American Journal of Cardiology, 69: 440, 1992.
Reduce Key Risk Factors for Breast, Colon, and Prostate Cancer
Several studies have found that adopting the Pritikin Program reduced key risk factors for breast, colon, and prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86: 1419, 1994; Nutrition and Cancer, 31: 127,1998; Nutrition and Cancer, 38: 158, 2000; The Journal of Urology, 166: 1185, 2001.
The latest research provides groundbreaking data showing that the Pritikin Program induced prostate cancer cells to die. Prostate, 56: 201, 2003.
Promote Smoking Cessation
The customized smoking cessation program at Pritikin has helped many guests quit smoking for good. Plus, their new Pritikin lifestyles helped ensure that they did not gain weight while quitting. Many, in fact, lost weight.
NATHAN PRITIKIN RESEARCH FOUNDATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
PUBLISHED RESEARCH ARTICLES
2008
Papers Published
The Pritikin Program was found to reduce prostate cancer cell growth by as much as 45%, which should drastically reduce the risk for clinical cancer. Reductions in serum insulin, free testosterone, estradiol, and IGF-1 along with a rise in SHBG and IGFBP-1 appear important. The decrease in IGF-1 appears to be the most significant change because IGF-1 normally prevents cells from going into apoptosis (cell death). Barnard, R.J. Cancer of the Prostate, Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, Diet and Exercise Intervention. www.Vitasearch.com. May, 2008 (Download PDF)
Studying the effect of dietary fat on prostate cancer development, UCLA researchers found that animals on a low-fat diet (12% calories from fat) were significantly less likely to develop invasive prostate cancer compared to animals on a high-fat diet (42% calories from fat). Kobayashi, N., R.J. Barnard, J. Said, J. Hong-Gonzales, D.M. Corman, M. Ku, N.B. Doan, D. Elashoff, P. Cohen, W.J. Aronson. Effect of low fat diet on development of prostate cancer and the Akt pathway. Cancer Res. 68:3066-3073,2008 (Download PDF)
The Pritikin Program was found to significantly reduce the growth of prostate epithelial cells, which could reduce risk of Benign Prostate Hyperplasis, common among men 50 and older in industrialized societies. Barnard, R.J., N. Kobayashi, W.J. Aronson. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 11:362-366,2008 (Download PDF)
For significant weight loss and long-term maintenance, UCLA researchers assert importance of regular exercise and a healthy low-fat diet (high in fiber-rich whole foods). Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, and D.M. Croymans. Correspondence to the Editor: Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. New England Journal of Medicine 359 (20): 2169, 2008. (Download PDF)
2007
Papers Published
Sullivan S, Klein S. Effect of a short-term Pritikin diet therapy on the
metabolic syndrome. J CardioMetab Syndrome. 1:308-312,2006
Roberts, C.K., A.K. Chen, R.J. Barnard. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention in youth on atherosclerotic risk factors. Atherosclerosis 191:98-106,2007(Download PDF)
Dewell, A., G. Weidner, M.D. Sumner, R.J. Barnard, R.O. Marlin, J.J. Daubenmier, P.R. Carroll, D. Ornish. Evaluation of dietary protein and soy isoflavones in relation to serum IGF-I and IGF binding proteins in the Prostate Cancer Lifestyle Trial. Nutrition and Cancer 58:35-42,2007(Download PDF)
Barnard, R.J., P.S. Leung, W.J. Aronson, P. Cohen, L.A. Golding. A mechanism to explain how regular exercise might reduce the risk for clinical prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 16:415-421, 2007(Download PDF)
Barnard, R.J. Prostate cancer prevention by nutritional means to alleviate metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86(suppl):889S-893S,2007(Download PDF)
Papers Submitted
Kobayashi, N., R.J. Barnard, J. Said, J. Hong-Gonzales, D.M. Corman, M. Ku, N.B. Doan, D. Elashoff, P. Cohen, W.J. Aronson. Effect of low fat diet on development of prostate cancer and the Akt pathway.
Barnard, R.J., N. Kobayashi, W.J. Aronson. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells.
Invited Talks/Posters
3/19/07 “Diet & Exercise Intervention, IFG-1, and Prostate Cancer” Gordon Conference, Ventura, CA
4/16/07 “Effect of low-fat diet on development of prostate cancer and Akt phosphorylation in Myc-transgenic mouse model” American Association for Cancer Research National Meeting, Los Angeles, CA
4/20/07 “Expansion of the metabolic syndrome-importance of diet and exercise” University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
6/26/07 “Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of serum-stimulated prostate epithelial cells” UCLA Aging Conference, Los Angeles, CA
11/2/07 “Diet & Exercise Intervention, IFG-1, and Prostate Cancer” American Institute for Cancer Research Conference Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer a Global Perspective, Washington DC
2006
Papers Published
Roberts, C.K., D. Won, S. Pruthi, S. Kurtovic, R.K. Sindhu, N.D. Vaziri, R.J. Barnard. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation, MMP-9 and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors. J Appl Physiol 100:1657-1665,2006
Booth, F.W., M.V. Chakravarthy. Physical activity and dietary intervention for chronic diseases: a quick fix after all. J Appl Physiol (Invited Editorial) 100:143901440,2006
Chen, A., C.K. Roberts and R.J. Barnard. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on metabolic and anthropometric parameters in overweight children and adolescents. Metabolism 55:871-878,2006
Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, R.K. Sindhu, M. Jurczak, A. Ehdaie, N.D. Vaziri. Oxidative stress and dysregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase and anitoxidant enzymes in diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 55:928-934,2006
Henning, S.M., W. Aronson, Y. Niu, F. Conde, N.H. Lee, N.P. Seeram, R-P. Lee, J. Lu, D.M. Harris, A. Moro, J. Hong, P-S. Leung, R.J. Barnard, H.G. Ziaee, G. Csathy, V.L.W. Go,
H. Wang, D. Heber. Bioavailability and bioactivity of tea polyphenols in humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. J Nutr. 136:1839-1843,2006
Pantuk, A.J., J.T. Leppert, W. Aronson, J. Hong, R.J. Barnard, N. Seeram, H. Wang, R. Elashoff, D. Heber, L. Ignarro, A. Belldegrun. Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising PSA following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 12:4018-4026,2006
Roberts, C.K., D. Won, S. Pruthi, R.J. Barnard Effect of diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men. Diabetes Res. 73:249-259,2006
Kobayaski, N., R.J. Barnard, S.M. Henning, D. Elashoff, S.T. Reedy, P. Leung, J. Hong-Gonzalez, S.J. Freedland, J. Said, D. Gui, N.P. Seeram, L.M. Popoviciu, D. Bagga, D. Heber, J.A. Glaspy, W.J. Aronson. Effect of Altering Dietary Omega-6: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratios on Prostate Cancer Membrane Composition, Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E-2. Clin Cancer Res. 12:4662-4670,2006
Barnard, R.J., J.H. Gonzalez, M. Liva, T.H. Ngo. Effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet and exercise program on breast cancer risk factors in vivo and tumor cell growth and apoptosis in vitro. Nutrition and Cancer 55:28-34,2006
Roberts, C.K., C. Ng, S. Hama, R.J. Barnard. Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in men with cardiovascular risk factors. J. Appl. Physiol. 101:1727-1732,2006
Sullivan S, Klein S. Effect of a short-term Pritikin diet therapy on the metabolic syndrome. J Cardio Metab Syndrome. 1:308-312, 2006.
Papers Accepted
Roberts, C.K., A.K. Chen, R.J. Barnard. Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention in children on atherosclerosis risk factors including reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Atherosclerosis
Barnard, R.J., P.S. Leung, W.J. Aronson, P. Cohen, L.A. Golding. A mechanism to explain how regular exercise might reduce the risk for clinical prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev.
Papers Submitted
Dewell, A., G. Weidner, M.D. Sumner, R.J. Barnard, R.O. Marlin, J.J. Daubenmier, P.R. Carroll, D. Ornish. Evaluation of dietary protein and soy isoflavones in relation to serum IGF-I and IGF binding proteins in the Prostata Cancer Lifestyle Trial. Nutrition and Cancer
Barnard, R.J. Prostate cancer prevention by nutritional means to alleviate metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
Invited Talks/Posters
1/20/06 “Diet, Exercise and Disease” LB Research and Education Foundation board meeting, Los Angeles, CA
2/15/06 “Lifestyle, IGF-I and Prostate Cancer” Cancer Prevention conference, St Gallon, Switzerland
3/3/06 “Effect of a Short-Term Diet and Exercise Intervention in Children on Novel Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis” American Heart Association Epidemiology and Prevention conference, Phoenix, AZ
3/12/06 “Recent Heart Disease Research from the Nathan Pritikin Research Foundation” Pritikin Longevity Center, Aventura, FL
3/13/06 Recent Cancer Research from the Nathan Pritikin Research Foundation” Pritikin Longevity Center, Aventura, FL
3/16/06 “Prostate Cancer Prevention by Means to Alleviate the Metabolic Syndrome” Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
4/13/06 “Expansion of the Metabolic Syndrome” Pennington Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
5/12/06 “Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases Through Nutrition and Exercise” University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
5/30/06 “A Mechanism to Explain How Exercise Reduces the Risk for Prostate Cancer”
American College of Sports Medicine National Meeting, Denver, CO
5/30/06 “Effect of a Short-term Diet and Exercise Intervention in Overweight Children on Novel Atherosclerotic Risk Factors Myeloperoxidase, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and In Vitro Production of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species” American College of Sports Medicine National Meeting, Denver, CO
6/20/06 “Diet and Exercise Intervention, IGF, and Prostate Cancer” UCLA Aging Conference,
Los Angeles, CA
6/29/06 “The Pritikin Program Results” Medicare Committee, Baltimore, MD
11/9/06 “Diet and Exercise for Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis” University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine CA
2005
Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, R.K. Sindhu, M. Jurczak, A. Ehdaie, N.D. Vasiri. A high-fat, refined carbohydrate diet induces endothelial dysfunction, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and depresses NO synthase protein expression. J Appl Physiol 98:203-210, 2005.
Barnard, R.J. and W.J. Aronson. Preclinical models relevant to diet, exercise, and cancer. In: Recent Results in Cancer Research (Controversies in Tumor Prevention and Genetics III). H-J. Senn and R. Morant, eds. Springer 2005, 166:47-62.
Roberts, C.K. and Barnard, R.J. Effect of diet and exercise on chronic disease. J Appl Physiol 98:3-30, 2005.
Ornish D, Carroll PR, Fair WR, Pettengill EB, Marlin R, Raisin CJ, Dunn-Emke S, Crutchfield L, Barnard RJ, McCormac P, McNight DJ, Fein JD, Dnstrian AM, Weinstein J, Ngo T, Weidner G. Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol 174:1065-
1070, 2005.
2004
Ngo, T.H., R.J. Barnard, T. Anton, C. Tran, D. Elashoff, D. Heber, S.J. Frieedland and W.J. Aronson. Effect of isocaloric low-fat diet on prostate cancer xenograft progression to androgen independence. Cancer Res. 64:1252-1254,2004
Wegge, J.K.,C.K. Roberts,T.H. Ngo and R.J. Barnard. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 53:377-381,2004
Molteni, R., A. Wu, S. Vaynmam, R.J.Barnard and F.Gomez-Pinilla. Voluntary physical activity compensates for the deleterious effects of a high-fat, refined-sugar diet on behavioral and neuronal plasticity. Neuroscience 123:429-440,2004
Leung, P-S.,W.J. Aronson,T.H. Ngo, L.A. Golding and R.J. Barnard. Exercise alters the IGF axis in vivo and increases p53 protein in prostate tumor cells in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 96:450-454,2004
Roberts, C.K. K. Liang, R.J. Barnard, C.H. Kim and N.D. Vaziri. HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7-hydroxylase, LDL receptor, SR-B1, and ACAT in diet-induced syndrome X. Kidney International 66:1503-1511,2004
Barnard, R.J. and Aronson, W.J. Diet, Exercise and Prostate Cancer. In: Prostate Cancer, J.N. Lucas ed. Nova Science, Hauppauge, N.Y. Chapt. I, 2004
Barnard, R.J. Prevention of cancer through lifestyle changes. eCAM Jol 1:233-239,2004
2003
Ngo, T.H., R.J. Barnard, P. Cohen, S. Freedland, C. Tran, F. deGregorio, Y.I. Elshimal, D. Heber and W.J. Aronson. Effect of isocaloric low-fat diet on human LAPC-4 prostate xenografts and the IGF axis in SCID mice. Clin. Cancer Res 9:2734,2003
Roberts, C.K. and R.J. Barnard. Low-carbohydrate diets as compared with low-fat diets. New Engl J Med 349:1000,2003
Barnard, R.J. and J.O. Holloszy. The metabolic systems: Aerobic metabolism and substrate utilization in exercising skeletal muscle. in: The History of Exercise Physiology. C.M. Tipton editor, Oxford Press, New York, NY. p 292-320, 2003
Roberts, C.K., N.D. Vaziri, R.K. Sindhu and R.J. Barnard. A high-fat, refined carbohydrate diet affects renal NO synthase protein expression and salt sensitivity. J Appl. Physiol 94:941-946,2003
Masley, S., J.J. Kenney and J.S. Novick. Optimal diets to prevent heart disease. JAMA 289:1510,2003
Barnard, R.J., T.H. Ngo, W.J. Aronson and L.A. Golding. A low-fat diet and/or strenuous exercise alters the IGF axis in vivo and reduces prostate tumor cell growth in vitro. Prostate 56:201-206,2003
Ngo, T.H., R.J. Barnard, P. Cohen and W.J. Aronson. IGF-1 and Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) modulate prostate cancer cell growth and apoptosis: Possible mediators for the effects of diet and exercise on cancer cell survival. Endocrinology 144:2319-2324,2003
2002
Roberts, C.K., N.D. Vaziri, R.J. Barnard. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation 106:2530-2532,2002
Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, K.H. Lui and N.D. Vaziri. Effect of diet on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle VLDL receptors and LPL: Implications for obesity and hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 161:133-141,2002
Roberts. C.K., N.D. Vaziri, Z. Ni, X.Q. Wang and R.J. Barnard. Correction of long-term diet-induced hypertension and protein nitration by diet modification. Atherosclerosis 163:321-327,2002
Molteni, R., R.J. Barnard, Z. Ying, C.K. Roberts and F. Gomez-Pinilla. A high-fat, refined-sugar diet reduces BDNF, neuronal plasticity, and cognitive function. Neuroscience 112:803-814,2002
Tymchuk, C.N., R.J. Barnard , T.H. Ngo and W.J. Aronson. The role of testosterone, estradiol, and insulin in diet and exercise-induced reductions in prostate cancer cell growth. Nutrition and Cancer 2:112-116,2002
Roberts, C.K., J.J. Berger and R.J. Barnard. Long-term effects of diet on leptin, energy intake and activity in a model of diet-induced obesity. J.Appl. Physiol. 93:887-893,2002
Ngo, T.H., R.J. Barnard, C.N. Tymchuk, P. Cohen. And W.J. Aronson. Effect of diet and exercise on serum insulin, IGF-1, and IGFBP-1 levels and growth of LNCaP cells in Vitro. Cancer Causes & Control 13:929-935,2002
Barnard, R.J., W.J. Aronson, C.N. Tymchuk and T.H. Ngo. Prostate cancer: Another aspect of the insulin resistance syndrome. Obesity Rev 3:303-308,2002
Barnard, R.J. and J.O. Holloszy. The metabolic systems: Aerobic metabolism and substrate utilization in exercising skeletal muscle. in: The History of Exercise Physiology. C.M. Tipton editor, Oxford Press, New York, NY. p 292-320, 2002
2001
Roberts, C.K., N.D. Vaziri. Effects of estrogen on gender specific development of diet-induced hypertension. J. Appl Physiol. 91:2005-2009,2001
Roberts, C.K., N.D. Vaziri, K.H. Liag and R.J. Barnard. Reversibility of long-term diet induced insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome characteristics. Hypertension 37:1323-1328,2001
Youngren, J.F., J.Paik and R.J. Barnard. Impaired insulin receptor autophosphorylation is an early defect in fat-fed, insulin-resistant rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 91:2240-2247,2001
Tymchuk, C.N., S.B. Tessler and R.J. Barnard. Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin and serum lipids in postmenopausal women on a low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with exercise. Nutrition and Cancer 38:158-162,2000
Tymchuk, C.N., R.J. Barnard, D. Heber and W.J. Aronson. Evidence for an inhibitory effect of diet and exercise on prostate cancer cell growth. J. Urol . 166:1185-1189,2001
2000
Barnard, R.J. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand on Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Am. J. Med. Sports 2:364-367,2000
Roberts, C.K., N.D. Vaziri, X.Q. Wang, and R.J. Barnard. NO inactivation and hypertension induced by a high-fat, refined carbohydrate diet. Hypertension 36:423-429,2000
Fonseca, V., A. Dicker-Brown, S. Ranganathan, W. Song, R.J. Barnard, L. Fink and P.A. Kern. Effect of a high-fat-sucrose diet on enzymes of homocysteine metabolism in the rat. Metabolism 49:736-741,2000
1999
Barnard, R.J. The role of exercise in the detection and treatment of peripheral vascular disease. In. Exercise and the Heart in Health and Disease . R. J. Shephard and H.S. Miller eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, N.Y. , 1999
Barnard, R.J. and S.B. Inkeles. Effects of an intensive diet and exercise program on lipids in postmenopausal women. Women's Health Issues 9:155-161,1999
Reil, T.D., R.J. Barnard, V.S. Kashyap, C.K. Roberts and H.A. Gelabert. Diet induced changes in endothelial dependent relaxation of the rat aorta. J Surg Res 85:96-100,1999
Berger, J.J. and R.J. Barnard. Effect of diet on fat cell size and hormone sensitive lipase activity. J Appl Physiol. 87:227-232,1999
Barnard, R.J. A carbohydrate diet to prevent and control coronary heart disease. Pritikin was Right. ACSM's Health and Fitness J. 3:23-26,1999
Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, A. Jasman and T.W. Balon. Acute exercise increases nitric oxide synthase activity in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 277 (Endocrinol. Metab 40 ) E390-E394,1999
Kenney, J.K., R.J. Barnard and S. Inkeles. Very-low-fat diets do not necessarily promote small, dense LDL particles. Am J Clin Nutr. 70:423,1999
Barnard, R.J. and S.B. Inkeles. The value of lifestyle change in treating coronary disease - what does it take? Preventive Cardiology 2:159-163,1999
Barnard, R.J. Very-low-fat diets . Circulation 100:1012-1013,1999
1998
Barnard, R.J., C.K. Roberts, S.M. Varon and J.J. Berger, Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other aspects of the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol, 84:1311-1315,1998
Tymchuk, C.N., S.B. Tessler, W.J. Aronson and R.J. Barnard, Effects of diet and exercise on insulin, sex hormone-binding globulin and prostate-specific antigen. Nutrition and Cancer, 31:127-131,1998
1997
Barnard, R.J., J.F. Youngren and S.H. Scheck, Reversibility of diet-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes Res, 32:213-221,1997
Barnard, R.J., S.C. DiLauro and S.B. Inkeles, Effects of intensive diet and exercise intervention in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Am J Cardiol 79:1112-1114,1997
Roberts, C.K., R.J. Barnard, S.H. Scheck and T. W. Balon, Exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is nitric oxide dependent. Am J Physiol 273:E220-E225,1997
1996
Beard, C.M., R.J. Barnard, D.C. Robbins, J.M. Ordovas and E.J. Schaefer, Effects of diet and exercise on qualitative and quantitative measures of LDL and its susceptibility to oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 16:201-207,1996
1995
Bagga, D., J.M. Ashley, S.P. Geffrey, H-J. Wang, R.J. Barnard, S. Korenman and D. Heber, Effects of a very low fat, high fiber diet on serum hormones and menstrual function: Implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer, 76:2491-2496,1995
Zernicke, R.F., G.J. Salem, R.J. Barnard, J.S. Woodward Jr., J.W. Meduski and J.D. Meduski, Adaptations of immature trabecular bone to exercise and augmented dietary protein. Med Sci Sports Exer, 27:1486-1493,1995
Li, K-C, R F. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard and A.F-Y. Li, Response of immature diabetic bone-ligament junctions to insulin and exercise. Clin Biomech, 10 : 331-336,1995
Barnard, R.J., J.F. Youngren and D.A. Martin, Diet, not aging, causes skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Gerontology, 41:205-211,1995
Czernin, J., R.J. Barnard, K.T. Sun, J. Krivokapich, E. Nitzsche, D. Dorsey, M.E. Philps and H.R. Schelbert, Effect of short-term cardiovascular conditioning and low-fat diet on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation, 92:197-204,1995
Zernicke, R.F., G.J. Salem, R J. Barnard and E. Schramm, Long-term, high-fat-sucrose diet alters rat femoral neck and vertebral morphology, bone mineral content, and mechanical properties. Bone, 16:25-31,1995
Youngren, J.F. and R.J. Baranard, Effects of acute and chronic exercise on skeletal muscle glucose transport in aged rats. J Appl Physiol, 78,1750-1756,1995
1994
Barnard, R.J., T. Jung and S.B. Inkeles, Diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM - the need for early emphasis. Diabetes Care, 17:1469-1472,1994
Bagga, D., J.M. Ashley, S. Geffrey, Hei-Jung, R.J. Barnard, R. Elashoff and D. Heber, Modulation of serum and breast duct fluid lipids by a very low-fat, high-fiber diet in premenopausal women. JNCI, 86:1419-1421,1994
Barnard, R.J. and, S.J. Wen, Exercise and diet in the prevention and control of the metabolic syndrom. Med Sports 18:218-228,1994
Barnard, R.J., Physical activity, fitness and claudication. In Physical Activity, Fitness and Health 1992 Proceedings. C. Bouchard, R.J. Shephard and T. Stephens, eds. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. p 622-632, 1994.
1993
Li, K.C., R. F. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard, A.F.X. Li, P. Campbell. Effects of mild diabetes on immature cortical bone. Clin Biomech, 8:49-51,1993
Barnard, R.J., D.J. Faria, J.E. Menges, and D.A. Martin, Induction of hyperinsulinemia and related atherosclerotic risk factors by a high-fat, sucrose diet. Atherosclerosis, 100: 229-239, 1993.
Li, K-C, R.F. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard and A.F-Y Li. Response of immature bone-ligament junction to a high-fat, sucrose diet. Clin Biomech, 8:163-165, 1993
Hou. J. C-H., R.F. Zernicke, and R.J. Barnard. Effects of severe diabetes on immature rat femoral neck. J Orthop Res, 11: 263-271, 1993.
1992
Salem, G.J., R.F. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard. Diet related changes in mechanical properties or rat vertebrae. Am J Physiology, 262:R318-R321,1992
Barnard, R.J., E.J. Ugianskis, D.A. Martin. The effect of an intensive diet and exercise program on patients with NIDDM and hypertension. J Cardioresp Rehab, 12:194-201, 1992
Barnard, R.J., L.O. Lawani, D.A. Martin, J.F. Youngren, R. Singh, S.H. Scheck. Effects of maturation and aging on the skeletal muscle glucose transport system. Am J Physiol, 262:E619-E626, 1992
Barnard, R.J. Response to "Letter to the Editor". Arch Intern Med, 152:1721-1723,1992
Barnard, R.J., E.J. Ugianskis, D.A. Martin, S.B. Inkeles. Role of diet and exercise in the managment of hyperinsulenemia and related atherosclerotic risk factors. Am J Cardiol, 69:440-444,1992.
1991
Li, K-C., R.F. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard and A. F-Y Li. Differential response of rat limb bones to strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol, 70:554-560,1991.
Scheck, S.H., R.J. Barnard, L.O. Lawani, J.F. Youngren, D.A. Martin and R. Singh. Effects of NIDDM on the glucose transport system in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes Res, 16:111-119,1991.
Barnard, R.J. Effects of life style modification on serum lipids. Arch Int Med, 151:1389-1394,1991.
Hou, J.C-H., R.F. Zernicke and R.J. Barnard. Experimental diabetes, insulin treatment and femoral neck morphology and biomechanics in rats . Clin Orthop, 264:278-85,1991.
Heber, D., J.A. Ashley, D.A. Leaf, R.J. Barnard. Reduction in serum estrodiol in postmenopausal women given free access to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Nutrition, 7:137-40,1991.
1990
Barnard, R.J. Use of exercise and diet to fight peripheral vascular disease; Your Patient and Fitness, 5:12-16,1990.
Barnard, R.J., D. S. Kartel, J.F. Youngren and D.A. Martin. Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on glucose tramsport in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology, 126:1921-1926,1990.
Barnard, R.J. Serum lipid reductions achieved with diet and exercise. New Engl J Med, 323:16,1990.
Hou, J.C-H., R.F. Zernicke and R.J. Barnard. High-fat sucrose diet effects in femoral neck geometry and biomechanics. Clin Biomech, 5:162,1990.
Hou, J. C-H, G.J. Salem, R.F. Zernicke and R.J. Barnard. Structural and mechanical adaptations of immature trabecular bone to strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol, 69:1309-1314,1990.
Li, K-C, R.R. Zernicke, R.J. Barnard and A. F-Y Li. Effects of a high-fat, sucrose diet on cortical bone remodeling and biomechanics. Calcif Tissue Int, 47:308-313,1990.
Mehrabian, M., J. Peter, R.J. Barnard and A. Lusis. Dietary regulation of fibrinolytic factors. Atherosclerosis, 84:24,1990.
1989
Kenney, J., M. Rosenthal, S. Inkeles and R.J. Barnard. Letter to the Editor. New Engl J Med , 320: 536,1989.
Sternlicht, E., R.J. Barnard and G.K. Grimditch. Exercise and insulin stimulate skeletal muscle glucose transport through different mechanisms. Am J Physiol, 256: E227-E320,1989.
Sternlicht, E., R.J. Barnard and G.K. Grimditch. B-adrenergic receptors are not responsible for exercise stimulation of glucose transport. J Appl Physiol, 66:2419-2422,1989.
1988
Barnard, R.J. and J.A. Hall. The role of exercise in the detection, treatment and evaluation of patients with peripheral vascular disease; in Exercise and Modern Medicine: Testing and Prescription in Health and Disease. B.A. Franklin, S. Gordon, G.C. Timmis, eds, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.,1988
Barnard, R.J., J.B. Peter, J. Hall and C. Kinsella. Effects of a short-term diet and exercise program on serum apoproteins. J Appl Nutr, 40:5-12,1988.
Barnard, R.J., R. Pritikin, R. Rosenthal and S. Inkeles. Pritikin Approach to Cardiac Rehabilitation; Rehabilitation Medicine, J. Goodgold, ed., C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.,1988
Grimditch, G.K., R.J. Barnard, L. Hendricks and D. Weitzman. Peripheral insulin sensitivity as modified by diet and exercise training. Am J Clin Nutr, 48:38-43,1988.
Reddy, B. S., A. Engle, B. Simi, L.T. O'Brien, R.J. Barnard, N. Pritikin and E. L. Wynder. Effect of low-fat, high carbohydrate, high-fiber diet on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols . Preventive Med ,17:432-439, 1988.
Sternlicht, E., R.J. Barnard and G.K. Grimditch. Mechanism of insulin action on glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol, 254:E633-E638:1988.
Whitson, R.H., G.K. Grimditch, E. Sternlicht, S.A. Kaplan, R.J. Barnard and K. Itakura. Characterization of rat skeletal muscle sarcolemmal insulin receptors and a sarcolemmal insulin binding inhibitor; J Biol Chem, 263:4789-4794,1988.
1987
Barnard, R.J., J.A. Hall, A. Chaudhari, J.E. Miller and M.A. Kirschenbaum. Effects of low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum lipids, platelet aggregationand thromboxane formation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine, 26:241-252,1987.
Barnard, R.J., S. Inkeles and K.A. Foon. Nathan Pritikin's Heart. Nutrition Today, 22:39,1987.
Grimditch, G.K., RJ. Barnard, E. Sternlicht, R.H. Whitson and S.A. Kaplan. Effect of diet on insulin binding and glucose transport in rat sarcolemmal vesicles. Am J Physiol, 252: E420-E425, 1987.
1986
Grimditch, G.K., R.J. Barnard, S.A . Kaplan and E. Sternlicht. Effect of training on insulin binding to rat skeletal sarcolemmal vesicles. Am J Physiol, 250: E570-E575, 1986.
Holly, R G., R.J. Barnard, M. Rosenthal, E. Applegate and N. Pritikin. Triathlete characterization and response to prolonged strenuous competition. MedSci Sports Exerc, 18:123-127,1986.
1985
Barnard, R.J., J.A. Hall and N. Pritikin. Effects of diet and exercise on blood pressure and viscosity in hypertensive patients. J Cardiac Rehab, 5: 185-190, 1985.
Barnard, R.J. Research at the Pritikin Longevity Center. J Applied Cardiol, Nov/Dec: 8-12, 1985.
Giardina, S.L., R.W. Schroff, C.S. Woodhouse, D.W. Golde, R.K. Oldham, M.L. Cleary, J. Sklar, N. Pritikin and K.A. Foon. Detection of two distinct malignant B cell clones in a single patient using anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Blood , 66: 1017-1021,1985.
Grimditch, G.K., R.J. Barnard, S.A. Kaplan and E. Sternlicht. Insulin binding and glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles. Am J Physiol, 249: E398-E408, 1985.
Hubbard, J.D., S. Inkeles and R.J. Barnard. Nathan Pritikin's Heart. N Engl J Med, 313:52, 1985.
O'Brien, L.T., R.J. Barnard, J.A. Hall and N. Pritikin. Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate low-cholesterol diet plus bran supplement on serum lipids. J Appl Nutr, 37: 26-34, 1985.
Rosenthal, M.B., R.J. Barnard, D.P. Rose, S. Inkeles, J. Hall and N. Pritikin. Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on levels of serum lipids and estradiol. Amer J Med , 78: 23-27, 1985
1983
Barnard, R.J., P. Guzy, J. Rosenberg and L.T. O'Brien. Effects of an intensive exercise and nutrition program on patients with coronary artery disease: a five-year follow-up. J Cardiac Rehab, 3: 183-190, 1983.
Barnard, R.J., M.R. Massey, S. Cherney, L.T. O'Brien and N. Pritikin. Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care, 6: 268-273, 1983.
Barnard, R.J., S. M. Zifferblatt, J. M. Rosenberg and N. Pritikin. Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate diet and daily walking on blood pressure and medication status of hypertensive patients. J Cardiac Rehab, 3: 839-846, 1983.
Weber, F., R.J. Barnard and D. Roy. Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate low-fat diet and daily exercise on individuals 70 years of age and older. J Gerentology , 38: 155-161, 1983.
1982
Barnard, R.J., L. Lattimore, R G. Holly, S. Cherny and N. Pritikin. Response of non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients to an intensive program of diet and exercise; Diabetes Care, 5: 370-374, 1982.
Dintenfass, L. Effect of a low-fat, low-protein diet on blood viscosity factors in patients with cardiovascular disorders. Med.J Australia , 1:543, 1982.
Hall, J.A. and R.J. Barnard. The effects of an intensive 26-day program of diet and exercise on patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Cardiac Rehab, 2: 569-574, 1982.
Hall, J.A., G.H. Dixson, R.J. Barnard and N. Pritikin. Effects of diet and exercise on peripheral vascular disease. Physician Sports Med, 10: 90-101, 1982.
Pritikin, N. Optimal dietary recommendations: a public health responsibility. Preventive Med , 11: 733-739, 1982.
1981
Barnard, R.J., F. Weber, W. Weingarten, C.M. Bennett and N. Pritikin. Effects of an intensive, short-term exercise and nutrition program on patients with coronary heart disease. J Cardiac Rehab, 1: 99-105, 1981. |
